These include the Mundaka Upanishad, the Mandukya Upanishad, and the Prashna Upanishad. The latter layer of Atharvaveda text includes three primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of Hindu philosophy. Along with the Samhita layer of text, the Atharva Veda includes a Brahmana text and a final layer of the text that covers philosophical speculations. The Atharvaveda was likely compiled as a Veda contemporaneously with Samaveda and Yajurveda, or about 1200 BC – 1000 BC. Royal rituals and the duties of the court priests are also included in the Atharva Veda. In contrast to the ‘ hieratic religion‘ of the other three Vedas, the Atharva Veda is said to represent a ‘ popular religion‘, incorporating not only formulas for magic but also the daily rituals for initiation into learning ( upanayana), marriage and funerals. The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the “ Veda of magical formulas“, an epithet declared to be incorrect by other scholars. Reliable manuscripts of the Paippalada edition were believed to have been lost, but a well-preserved version was discovered among a collection of palm-leaf manuscripts in Odisha in 1957. Two different recensions of the text – the Paippalāda and the Śaunakīya – have survived into modern times.
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